Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 27, 2026
14:11
Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
Published on: June 10, 2021
6.7K
Novel Approaching Imidazoles as Insecticidal Agents: Design, Synthesis, Toxicological, Biochemical, and Biological
Norah A Alsaiari1, Amer A Amer2, Antar A Abdelhamid3
1Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Art, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia.
Chemistry & Biodiversity
|January 26, 2026
Summary
Novel imidazoles incorporating ciprofloxacin show potent insecticidal activity against cotton leafworm larvae. Compound 6 is the most effective, impacting larval development and biochemical processes.
Area of Science:
- Synthetic organic chemistry
- Agricultural entomology
- Medicinal chemistry
Background:
- Insect resistance to existing pesticides is a growing global challenge.
- Development of novel insecticides with improved efficacy and safety profiles is crucial.
- Ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic, serves as a scaffold for new insecticidal compounds.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize novel imidazole derivatives containing ciprofloxacin moieties.
- To evaluate the insecticidal activity of these compounds against Spodoptera littoralis.
- To investigate the impact of these compounds on various biological and biochemical parameters.
Main Methods:
- One-pot synthesis of imidazoles (3a-f) and pyrazoles (11, 12) using ciprofloxacin, formaldehyde, and heterocyclic derivatives.
- Insecticidal bioassays against second and fourth instar Spodoptera littoralis larvae.
- Assessment of effects on adult longevity, pupal development, fecundity, and egg hatchability.
- Biochemical analysis of key enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, ATPase, GST, CaE) and total protein in treated larvae.
Main Results:
- All synthesized compounds exhibited insecticidal efficacy against Spodoptera littoralis larvae.
- Compound 6 demonstrated the highest toxicity with an LC50 of 4.55 mg/L against second instar larvae.
- Significant alterations in biochemical parameters including enzyme activities and total protein were observed upon treatment with compound 6.
- Adverse effects on adult emergence, longevity, and fecundity were noted.
Conclusions:
- Novel imidazole derivatives incorporating ciprofloxacin show significant promise as effective insecticides.
- Compound 6 represents a potent lead candidate for managing insect resistance.
- Further research into the mechanism of action and optimization of these compounds is warranted.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
02:59Biological Effects of Radiation
17.7K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
17.7K
01:28Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches
272
Designing a dosage regimen, which refers to the manner of drug administration, is a complex process involving the selection of drug dose, route, and frequency. This process is underpinned by pharmacokinetic parameters derived from tests and population averages. These parameters are then tailored to patient-specific variables such as diagnosis, demographics, and allergy status. Once therapy commences, therapeutic response monitoring is critical and achieved through clinical and physical...
272
02:01Group Design
10.3K
The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
10.3K
02:01Factorial Design
13.7K
Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...
13.7K
01:24Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF
524
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
524
01:57What is Conservation Biology?
24.0K
Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the human population. Humans require properly functioning ecosystems to maintain our supply of natural resources, including food, medicines, and building materials.
24.0K