Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Conservation of Small Populations

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...

What is Population Genetics?

What is Population Genetics?

A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.

Population Growth

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...

What are Populations and Communities?

What are Populations and Communities?

Fixed Action Patterns

Fixed Action Patterns

A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Letter to the Editor: Dengue virus as an underrecognized cause of encephalitis in tropical Asia - Bridging diagnostic and surveillance gaps.

World journal of virology·2026

Same author

Adaptive optimization for hybrid vector-relational queries via cost-aware plan switching.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

NIKSHAY MITR-ONE: A novel sustainable Nikshay Mitra initiative at rural health & training centre level in medical colleges.

The Indian journal of tuberculosis·2026

Same author

A Spatiotemporal Decomposition Framework for Temporal Persistence and Regional Transport in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Variability.

Environmental science & technology·2026

Same author

Stabilization of Ligand-Free Small Gold Nanocluster Within a Metal-Organic Framework for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution and Horseradish Peroxidase-Mimicking Catalysis in Aqueous Media.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same authorSame journal

A Comparative Analysis of Wildland Fire Smoke PM<sub>2.5</sub> Exposure Estimates Across California From 2008 to 2018.

GeoHealth·2026

Same journal

Association Between Geomagnetic Activity and Unsuccessful Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

GeoHealth·2026

Same journal

Aurora-Associated Geomagnetic Activity and Health: A Review With Focus on Neurological Implications.

GeoHealth·2026

Same journal

Residential Greenspace and Domestic Gardens, Genetic Predisposition, and Incident Glaucoma: A Prospective Cohort Study.

GeoHealth·2026

Same journal

Characterizing the Compound Extreme Temperature and PM<sub>2.5</sub> Pollution Events: A Multi-Country Analysis.

GeoHealth·2026

Same journal

Hybrid Supervised-Unsupervised Modeling for Post-Hurricane Private Well Contamination Risk Score Using Empirical Validation and Community-Informed Assessment.

GeoHealth·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India

Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India

Published on: December 23, 2022

Contrasting Patterns in Ambient PM_2.5 Exposure Disparity Across Population Subgroups in Urban and Rural India.

Debajit Sarkar¹, Alok Kumar¹, Fahad Imam¹

¹Centre for Atmospheric Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India.

|January 26, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Air pollution inequality in India shows significant disparities, with higher exposure among vulnerable groups in wealthier states. Urban air quality policies may worsen these inequalities, necessitating targeted interventions for at-risk populations.

Keywords:

India ambient PM2.5 demographic subgroup disparity exposure

More Related Videos

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Published on: August 8, 2014

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions

Published on: March 9, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India

Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India

Published on: December 23, 2022

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Published on: August 8, 2014

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions

Published on: March 9, 2021

Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Public Health
Epidemiology

Background:

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is a major environmental health risk in India.
Previous research has quantified PM2.5 exposure patterns but lacked sub-national inequality analysis.
Understanding socioeconomic and demographic disparities in PM2.5 exposure is crucial for public health policy.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine disparities in ambient PM2.5 exposure among population subgroups in urban and rural India.
To analyze changes in PM2.5 exposure inequality from 2015-2016 to 2019-2021.
To inform targeted policies for reducing air pollution health impacts.

Main Methods:

Integrated satellite-derived PM2.5 concentrations (1-km resolution) with National Family Health Survey data (rounds 4 and 5).
Analyzed disparities across socioeconomic status, wealth index quantiles, and caste subgroups.
Quantified absolute and relative disparities (Z-score) in PM2.5 exposure.

Main Results:

Larger absolute disparities in PM2.5 exposure were observed in high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) states.
Higher relative PM2.5 exposure was found among the wealthiest/poorest and Other Backward Castes in middle/high SDI states.
PM2.5 exposure disparity increased in urban areas but remained static or decreased in rural areas between 2015-2016 and 2019-2021.

Conclusions:

Significant inequalities in ambient PM2.5 exposure exist across population subgroups in India.
Urban-focused air pollution strategies may exacerbate existing health disparities.
Targeted policies prioritizing vulnerable subgroups are essential to mitigate PM2.5 health risks and reduce inequality.