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From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
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Challenges in functional hydrogel application for chronic tympanic membrane perforation: practical limitations and

Gan-Erdene Narantsolmon1,2,3, Yu-Jung Hwang1, Min Ji Kim4

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea.

Biomedical Engineering Letters
|January 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel hydrogel showed antioxidant benefits for chronic tympanic membrane perforations but failed to promote healing due to dehydration. Maintaining a hydrated environment is crucial for effective hydrogel therapy in middle ear wound healing.

Keywords:
BiocompatibilityHydrogelIn situ gelationManganese porphyrinTranstympanic deliveryTympanic membrane perforation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Chronic tympanic membrane (TM) perforations are often exacerbated by middle ear oxidative stress and hypoxia.
  • Developing biocompatible hydrogels offers a potential therapeutic approach for TM perforation healing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a manganese porphyrin (MnP)-conjugated chitosan hydrogel (Ch_MnP) for chronic TM perforation treatment.
  • To assess the hydrogel's antioxidant properties, biocompatibility, and efficacy in promoting TM regeneration in a rat model.

Main Methods:

  • A Ch_MnP hydrogel was synthesized via Michael addition reaction.
  • In vitro evaluation included mechanical properties and antioxidant activity (SOD- and CAT-like).
  • In vivo efficacy was assessed in a chronic TM perforation rat model using endoscopy, CT, ABR, and histology.

Main Results:

  • The Ch_MnP hydrogel demonstrated suitable porosity, swelling ratio, and enhanced ROS scavenging and O₂ generation.
  • In vivo, the hydrogel showed good biocompatibility but did not improve TM regeneration or hearing outcomes.
  • Significant hydrogel volume loss due to dehydration was observed, compromising its structural integrity and therapeutic function.

Conclusions:

  • The Ch_MnP hydrogel possesses antioxidant and biocompatible properties beneficial for chronic TM perforations.
  • Hydrogel dehydration in the middle ear environment significantly hindered its efficacy as a wound healing scaffold.
  • Maintaining adequate hydration is critical for the success of hydrogel-based therapies for TM perforations.