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Patient perspectives on modified virtual reality-assisted therapy for persistent auditory verbal hallucinations: A

Katrine Rasmussen¹, Ditte Lammers Vernal^2,3, Lise Sandvig Mariegaard¹

¹VIRTU Research Group, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Mental Health Services CPH, Hellerup, Denmark.

|January 26, 2026

Abstract

Background:

Auditory verbal hallucinations (voices) are common in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), and cause significant distress, making them a critical target in psychotherapeutic interventions. AVATAR therapy, conducted on a two-dimensional computer screen and its adaptation virtual reality-assisted therapy (VRT), using three-dimensional virtual reality (VR), have shown promise. Despite the potential of VRT, research exploring how specific VR characteristics can simulate voices experiences and affect therapy outcome remains scarce. Addressing this gap is key to refining VRT for persistent voices.

Objective:

This qualitative substudy of the CHALLENGE trial explored patient perspectives on modified VRT versions (VRT-Emotions, VRT-Environment, and VRT-Whiteboard) and their therapeutic impact, with the aim to inform intervention refinement and development.

Methods:

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 participants with SSD and persistent voices after undergoing the modified therapies. Data were analyzed within a pragmatist-critical realism orientation, with a hybrid deductive-inductive approach to thematic analysis. Reflexive team dialogues supported analytical rigor.

Results:

One overarching theme: A challenging yet transformative therapy, and three subthemes, corresponding to the specific modifications, were generated: Emotional connection with voice, Recognizability builds resistance, and The power of the written word. The modifications were generally perceived to enhance therapeutic experience and effectiveness, albeit participants' perspectives varied and sometimes contrasted.

Conclusions:

Findings suggest that refining VRT for persistent voices may involve improving avatar's facial expressions, tailoring therapy to voice experiences, and using recognizable VR environments with gradual exposure and selective visual tools. While controlled studies are needed to establish efficacy, these insights offer practical guidance for VRT refinement and development. .

Keywords:

AVATAR therapy Schizophrenia auditory verbal hallucinations psychiatry psychotherapy thematic analysis virtual reality-assisted therapy

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