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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Control of Cytocompatible Metallic and Polymeric Wrinkle Morphologies Using Programming via Printing (PvP).

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Researchers developed an accessible 3D printing method to create shape-memory polymer (SMP) substrates that generate tunable surface wrinkles. This technique enables control over wrinkle patterns for potential cell studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Surface Engineering

Background:

  • Mechanical instability-driven wrinkling on compliant substrates like shape-memory polymers (SMPs) allows for controlled surface topography.
  • Existing methods for wrinkle generation on SMPs often require expensive and complex mechanical actuation systems.
  • There is a need for accessible and democratizable strategies to produce diverse wrinkle patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a facile and accessible method for fabricating SMP substrates capable of generating tunable surface wrinkles.
  • To investigate the relationship between substrate architecture and resulting wrinkle morphology.
  • To assess the cytocompatibility of the fabricated wrinkled surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a hobbyist 3D printer and a programming via printing (PvP) approach for single-step SMP fabrication.
  • Controlled uniaxial and biaxial contraction by adjusting nozzle temperature and the number of orthogonal layers.
  • Coated substrates with gold or polystyrene and triggered shape-memory effects to induce wrinkling, characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Main Results:

  • Fabricated SMP substrates exhibited controlled uniaxial contraction (up to 40%) and Poisson expansion (up to 15%).
  • The number of orthogonal layers influenced strain, transitioning wrinkle patterns from aligned to complex 2D postbuckling structures.
  • Wrinkled surfaces demonstrated high cell viability (>90%) for C3H10T1/2 cells.

Conclusions:

  • A convenient and democratizable 3D printing strategy was established for generating diverse surface wrinkle patterns on SMPs.
  • The method allows for precise control over wrinkle morphology, from simple aligned to complex 2D patterns.
  • The resulting wrinkled surfaces are cytocompatible, indicating potential applications in cell studies and tissue engineering.