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Understanding Sex-Based Differences in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk and Management.

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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears show sex-based differences in risk and recovery. This review explores intrinsic and extrinsic factors, highlighting the need for individualized prevention and rehabilitation strategies for all athletes.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics
  • Biomedical Science

Background:

  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common severe sports injuries with differing incidence and outcomes between male and female athletes.
  • While intrinsic factors (anatomical, biomechanical, hormonal) are studied, extrinsic influences (psychological, societal) on ACL injury risk are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to sex-based differences in ACL injury risk.
  • To highlight current knowledge gaps, particularly regarding external, sex-based influences on injury incidence and recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing research on intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting ACL injury.
  • Analysis of anatomical, biomechanical, hormonal, psychological, social, and environmental influences.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex-based differences exist in ACL injury incidence and outcomes.
  • Intrinsic factors like quadriceps angle and hormonal variations are well-researched, but extrinsic factors require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Recognizing sex-based differences is crucial for developing tailored prevention and rehabilitation strategies.
  • Individualized approaches are necessary to optimize outcomes for all athletes experiencing ACL injuries.