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Hafnium oxide (HfO2) nanomaterials enhance radiotherapy by increasing radiation dose in tumors. This review covers their development, mechanisms, synthesis, and future potential for precision cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomaterials Science
  • Radiotherapy Research
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Hafnium oxide (HfO2)-based nanomaterials leverage high atomic number (Z) for enhanced radiotherapy.
  • NBTXR3 is a clinically established HfO2 nanoradiosensitizer for solid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and mechanisms of HfO2 nanoradiosensitizers.
  • To analyze synthesis methods and recent advancements.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions in HfO2-based radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HfO2 nanoradiosensitizers.
  • Analysis of structural characteristics and radiosensitization mechanisms (X-ray absorption, radical generation, immunomodulation).
  • Evaluation of synthesis methods (sol-gel, precipitation, hydrothermal) and optimization strategies (size, surface, composites, Hf-MOFs).

Main Results:

  • HfO2 nanomaterials improve X-ray absorption and enhance radiation dose deposition in tumors.
  • Mechanisms include radical generation and immunomodulation.
  • Advancements focus on material optimization and combination therapies.

Conclusions:

  • HfO2 nanoradiosensitizers show significant potential for precision radiotherapy.
  • Challenges in scalable fabrication, biosafety, and clinical translation need to be addressed.
  • Future research includes stimuli-responsive platforms and theranostic systems.