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Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a...
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Multifunctional Hydrogel Interfaces: Reshaping the Future of Flexible Electronics.

Boya Song1,2, Jing Zhang1,3, Sanwei Hao1,4,5

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 27, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multifunctional hydrogels are revolutionizing flexible electronics, enabling intelligent systems for health monitoring and robotics. This review details their design, applications, and AI-driven development for advanced bio-integrated devices.

Keywords:
artificial intelligencebio‐interfacesflexible electronicsmultifunctional hydrogelssensors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electronics Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Flexible electronics are evolving towards intelligent, multimodal systems.
  • Multifunctional hydrogels offer unique properties for next-generation electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the design pathway of hydrogel electronics from molecular to system levels.
  • To survey advancements and applications of hydrogel-based electronics.
  • To explore AI-driven development and sustainability in hydrogel electronics.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-scale design strategies (molecular to macroscopic).
  • Survey of hydrogel-based applications (wearables, soft robotics).
  • Integration of AI, digital twins, and in situ characterization.

Main Results:

  • Hydrogel electronics demonstrate high-fidelity sensing, autonomous energy management, and stability.
  • AI accelerates model-driven development, moving beyond empirical approaches.
  • A new performance metric (energy-signal coupling coefficient) and green design principles are introduced.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogel electronics are advancing towards intelligent bio-integrated systems.
  • Future work focuses on environmental adaptability, standardization, and scalable manufacturing.
  • Interdisciplinary integration and AI are key to future progress.