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A Pilot Study for "In Vitro" Testing the Surface Conditioning Effects on CAD/CAM Hybrid Nanoceramic Adhesion.

Georgi Veselinov Iliev1, Lucian Toma Ciocan2, Vlad Gabriel Vasilescu2

  • 1Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Sofia, 1 Georgi Sofiyski Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.

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|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Combining hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching with airborne-particle abrasion (APA) improved bonding of hybrid nanoceramics. Optimized HF concentration and time are crucial for effective surface conditioning in CAD/CAM restorations.

Keywords:
adhesionhybrid nano-ceramicssurface treatments

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Restorative Dentistry

Background:

  • CAD/CAM hybrid nanoceramics offer aesthetic and durable indirect restorations.
  • Achieving durable bonds with resin cements is challenging due to reduced unreacted monomers after post-polymerization.
  • Specific surface conditioning protocols are necessary for optimal adhesion of CAD/CAM materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To preliminarily evaluate the influence of combined conditioning protocols on surface characteristics and shear bond strength (SBS) of a CAD/CAM hybrid nanoceramic.
  • To investigate the effects of hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching, airborne-particle abrasion (APA), and silanization on adhesion to dental enamel.
  • To explore the relationship between surface micromorphology, elemental composition, and bonding trends.

Main Methods:

  • Five conditioning protocols combining APA with varying HF concentrations and etching times were applied to hybrid nanoceramic specimens.
  • Shear bond strength (SBS) testing was performed using a dual-cure resin cement.
  • Surface morphology was analyzed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and elemental composition was determined via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).

Main Results:

  • Dual treatment with HF and APA yielded descriptively higher SBS (5.01–6.14 MPa) compared to APA alone (1.85 MPa).
  • Higher HF concentrations (10%) resulted in more porous surfaces, and EDS indicated increased fluorine and reduced silicon, suggesting deeper chemical activation.
  • Extended HF etching beyond 20 seconds did not significantly improve bonding, indicating the need for protocol optimization.

Conclusions:

  • A synergistic effect between mechanical (APA) and chemical (HF) conditioning enhances hybrid ceramic adhesion.
  • Manufacturer-recommended APA alone may offer limited adhesion under high-stress conditions.
  • Further research with larger sample sizes and aging simulations is needed to confirm findings and assess long-term durability.