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Related Concept Videos

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
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A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
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Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Disentangling High Strength Copolymer Aramid Fibers to Enable the Determination of Their Mechanical Properties
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Effect of Gutta-Percha Removal Methods on Fiber-Post Bond Strength.

Abdul Rahman Hamwieh1, Haitham Elbishari1,2,3, May Aljanahi1,2

  • 1Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates.

Dentistry Journal
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Mechanical and thermo-mechanical root canal filling material removal techniques enhance fiber post bond strength to dentin compared to chemico-mechanical methods. These techniques improve post retention and reduce debonding risk in endodontic retreatment.

Keywords:
adhesive failurefiber postsgutta-percha removal techniquespush-out bond strengthroot dentin

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Dental Materials Science
  • Adhesive Dentistry

Background:

  • Fiber posts are widely used in endodontically treated teeth.
  • Effective removal of root canal filling material (RCFM) is crucial for post-space preparation.
  • The impact of RCFM removal techniques on fiber post bond strength requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effect of mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and chemico-mechanical RCFM removal techniques on the micro push-out bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin.
  • To analyze failure modes associated with each removal technique.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-five endodontically treated human premolars were divided into three groups (n=15) based on RCFM removal technique.
  • Fiber posts were cemented, roots sectioned, and micro push-out bond strength tested.
  • Failure modes were analyzed using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Thermo-mechanical and mechanical RCFM removal resulted in significantly higher bond strength than the chemico-mechanical technique.
  • The coronal root third exhibited the highest bond strength, while the apical third showed the lowest.
  • Adhesive failure at the dentin-cement interface was the predominant failure mode.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of RCFM removal technique and the root canal region significantly impact fiber post bond strength.
  • Solvent-based chemico-mechanical methods may compromise adhesion quality.
  • Mechanical and thermo-mechanical techniques offer more reliable post retention during endodontic retreatment.