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Influence of Operating Temperature on the Properties and Performance of Two Heat-Treated Reciprocating NiTi

Tahreer Almutairi1, Rashid El Abed1, Anas Al-Jadaa2

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|April 27, 2026
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Summary

Temperature significantly affects the performance of R-Motion (RM) and WaveOne Gold (WOG) nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic files. File design, rather than heat treatment, primarily influences their strength and cutting efficiency.

Keywords:
bending stiffnessblue heat-treated reciprocating NiTicutting efficiencygold heat-treated reciprocating NiTiintracanal temperature

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments undergo thermo-mechanical treatments, influencing their metallurgical properties.
  • Root canal temperatures vary during instrumentation, impacting NiTi file behavior.
  • Understanding temperature effects on NiTi files is crucial for clinical success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of different temperatures on bending stiffness, cyclic fatigue resistance, and cutting efficiency of R-Motion (RM) and WaveOne Gold (WOG) reciprocating NiTi files.
  • To evaluate the influence of temperature on the mechanical properties and performance of heat-treated NiTi endodontic files.

Main Methods:

  • Bending stiffness was measured at varying temperatures (22°C, 37°C, 45°C).
  • Cyclic fatigue resistance was tested in a simulated canal at different temperatures, recording time to fracture (TTF).
  • Cutting efficiency was assessed using bovine bone slabs at controlled temperatures, measuring cutting depth. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was also performed.

Main Results:

  • R-Motion (RM) exhibited significantly higher TTF and reduced cutting depth compared to WaveOne Gold (WOG) across all tested temperatures.
  • Increasing temperature generally increased file stiffness, though WOG showed no significant change between 22°C and 37°C.
  • Lower temperatures reduced cutting efficiency for both RM and WOG files.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature significantly impacts the properties and performance of RM and WOG NiTi files, necessitating consideration during endodontic procedures.
  • File design is a more dominant factor in determining strength and cutting ability than heat treatment-induced transformation behavior.
  • Further research should explore optimal temperature ranges for NiTi file usage in endodontics.