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Cone-Specific Filter-Based Neuromodulation: A Proposed Clinical Framework for Amblyopia, Strabismus, and ADHD.

Danjela Ibrahimi1,2, José R García-Martínez3

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Clinics and Practice
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This study introduces a standardized protocol for cone-specific neuromodulation, classifying filters for selective S-, M-, and L-cone stimulation. The framework aims to guide future clinical trials for conditions like amblyopia and strabismus.

Keywords:
ADHDamblyopiacone-specific neuromodulationmonochromatic and combined filtersstrabismus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Photobiology

Background:

  • Cone-specific neuromodulation offers targeted visual pathway stimulation.
  • Standardized protocols are needed for reproducible research in visual disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a standardized clinical protocol for cone-specific neuromodulation.
  • To classify therapeutic filters for selective S-, M-, and L-cone stimulation.
  • To translate optical and safety parameters into condition-specific frameworks for amblyopia, strabismus, and ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • Re-evaluation of spectral filters using transmittance and cone-excitation data.
  • Integration with α-opic metrology, photobiological standards, and neurophysiological evidence.
  • Definition of reproducible ranges for wavelength, illuminance, timing, modulation, and safety.

Main Results:

  • Consolidation of eleven monochromatic and six combined filters into operational classes.
  • Mapping of filters onto mechanistic profiles for amblyopia, strabismus (esotropia, exotropia, vertical deviations), and ADHD.
  • Presentation of time frames and applications as methodological anchors.

Conclusions:

  • A structured, safety-anchored framework is provided for designing cone-specific neuromodulation trials.
  • The protocol aims to enhance comparability across future studies.
  • Therapeutic benefit requires demonstration in prospective clinical investigations.