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Related Concept Videos

Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
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Classification of Elements and Compounds02:54

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...
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Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

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Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
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Limiting Reactant02:27

Limiting Reactant

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The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in reality, the reactants are not always present in the stoichiometric amounts indicated by the balanced equation.
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The Number e as a Limit01:29

The Number e as a Limit

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The number e is a fundamental constant in calculus, playing a central role in describing continuous change, particularly exponential growth. It is most naturally defined through its relationship with the natural logarithm, which is the inverse of the exponential function with base e. This relationship allows e to be characterized using basic principles of differentiation rather than as an arbitrary numerical constant.A key property of the natural logarithm function, ln x, is that its derivative...
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Classification of Titrimetric Analysis Based on Reaction Types01:01

Classification of Titrimetric Analysis Based on Reaction Types

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Titrimetric analysis in solution chemistry involves measuring the volume of solutions and is often called volumetric analysis. The standard solution of known concentration in the burette is called the titrant, whereas the solution of unknown concentration in the flask is called the analyte, or titrand. Titrimetric analyses can be classified into four types based on the reactions between the titrant and analyte.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
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Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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Headspace SPME GC-MS Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for Classification Under Sample-Limited

Lea Woyciechowski1, Tushar H More1, Sabine Kaltenhäuser1

  • 1Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, BRICS-Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.

Metabolites
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized a method for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GC-MS). The new workflow enables comprehensive VOC profiling from small urine volumes, crucial for disease biomarker discovery.

Keywords:
CAR/PDMS fiberGC–MSHS–SPMEclassificationnon-targeted profilingpH adjustmentsmall sample volumeurinary VOCsurinevolatilomics

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Capturing Actively Produced Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds from Human-Associated Samples with Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction
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Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

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Capturing Actively Produced Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds from Human-Associated Samples with Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction
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Capturing Actively Produced Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds from Human-Associated Samples with Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are promising non-invasive biomarkers.
  • Detecting VOCs in complex matrices like urine is analytically challenging.
  • Existing methods struggle with small sample volumes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a robust, non-targeted HS-SPME GC-MS workflow.
  • To optimize VOC extraction from very small urinary samples (0.75 mL).
  • To enable comprehensive urinary VOC profiling under sample-limited conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic evaluation of pH adjustment and NaCl addition for VOC extraction.
  • Utilized a 75 µm CAR/PDMS fiber for headspace solid-phase microextraction.
  • Assessed method performance using VOC standards and real human urine samples in triplicates.

Main Results:

  • Acidification to pH 3 significantly improved VOC extraction efficiency and detection.
  • Alkaline conditions and NaCl addition had minimal impact.
  • High analytical reproducibility was confirmed in real urine samples (RSD < 25%).

Conclusions:

  • The optimized HS-SPME GC-MS method allows comprehensive urinary VOC profiling from limited volumes.
  • This workflow provides a foundation for exploratory volatilomics studies.
  • Supports future targeted method refinement for specific biomarkers.