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Related Concept Videos

Curing of Concrete01:20

Curing of Concrete

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The hydration of cement takes place within the water-filled capillary pores. However, environmental elements can disrupt this process by evaporating water from the concrete surfaces. Sealed concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 experiences self-desiccation, leading to water loss. The water loss in concrete is mitigated by curing. This technique involves keeping the concrete saturated to maintain the necessary temperature and moisture conditions, to optimally fill the spaces in the cement...
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Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

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Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
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Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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Kinetic Energy00:23

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Kinetic energy is the ability of an object in motion to do work or enact change. It can take on many forms. For instance, water flowing down a waterfall has kinetic energy. In biological systems, particles of light travel and are absorbed by plants to create chemical energy. Animals consume the chemical energy and give off molecules that carry their scent through the air. They also generate kinetic energy when they run away from predators. Entire systems also possess kinetic energy, like the...
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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
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The kinetic molecular theory qualitatively explains the behaviors described by the various gas laws. The postulates of this theory may be applied in a more quantitative fashion to derive these individual laws.
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3D Printed Porous Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffolds
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Photo Crosslinkable Hybrid Hydrogels for High Fidelity Direct Write 3D Printing: Rheology, Curing Kinetics, and

Riley Rohauer1, Kory Schimmelpfennig2, Perrin Woods3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed novel hybrid hydrogels using alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) for 3D bioprinting. These materials demonstrate improved printability and tunable stiffness, enabling the creation of complex tissue scaffolds.

Keywords:
UV crosslinkingdirect-write 3D bioprintingfilament fusionhybrid hydrogelstunable properties

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Core/shell Printing Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Of Tubular Structures
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Core/shell Printing Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Of Tubular Structures
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Natural polymers like alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) offer biocompatibility but often lack mechanical strength and precise printability for tissue engineering.
  • Synthetic polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) can enhance mechanical properties and crosslinking control.
  • Hybrid hydrogels combining natural and synthetic components aim to leverage the advantages of both for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize hybrid hydrogels composed of alginate, CMC, and varying concentrations of PEGDA.
  • To assess the printability, curing kinetics, and mechanical properties of these hybrid hydrogels using direct-write (DW) 3D bioprinting.
  • To evaluate the potential of these materials for creating high-resolution scaffolds for tissue analogs.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of hybrid hydrogels with 4% alginate, 4% CMC, and 0, 4.5%, 6.5%, or 10% PEGDA.
  • Characterization using rotational rheology for thixotropic behavior and filament fusion tests for printability and diffusion.
  • Evaluation of curing kinetics via photo-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and photorheology.
  • Assessment of mechanical properties (complex modulus, G*) and scaffold fabrication using a DW 3D bioprinter.

Main Results:

  • Hybrid hydrogels exhibited tunable stiffness (620-4600 Pa) with increasing PEGDA content, suitable for various tissue types.
  • In situ UV irradiation significantly improved shape fidelity of printed constructs and reduced filament diffusion.
  • The Kamal model accurately described curing kinetics, with photorheology confirming increased stiffness upon UV exposure.
  • High-resolution, 10-layer scaffolds with 1x1 mm pores were successfully printed using optimized hybrid hydrogels.

Conclusions:

  • PEGDA-containing hybrid hydrogels are highly suitable for high-resolution direct-write 3D bioprinting.
  • The tunable mechanical properties and enhanced printability make these materials promising for developing customizable tissue analogs.
  • In situ UV crosslinking is a critical factor for achieving precise structural fidelity in printed scaffolds.