Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Predicting Molecular Geometry

Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

The VSEPR theory can be used to determine the electron pair geometries and molecular structures as follows:

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Associations of muscle coactivation patterns with gait, muscle strength, and symptoms across different stages of knee osteoarthritis.

Knee surgery & related research·2026

Same author

Landscape and ecological correlates of tick-associated viruses in Inner Mongolia, China.

The Journal of infection·2026

Same author

The effect of retrieval practice on incidental memory is modulated by emotional valence: evidence of ERPs.

Psychological research·2026

Same author

Galangin Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Inhibiting Ferroptosis through the Prevention of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagic Degradation of FTH1.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026

Same author

Dibutyl phthalate induces sarcopenia via TNFα/TNFR1-mediated proteolytic and pyroptotic axes: evidence from NHANES and experimental models.

Frontiers in immunology·2026

Same author

Data-driven sustainable design of automobile seats: integrating surrogate modeling and multi-objective optimization.

Scientific reports·2026

Same journal

RETRACTED: Al-Hussain et al. Application of New Sodium Vinyl Sulfonate-co-2-Acrylamido-2-me[thylpropane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt-Magnetite Cryogel Nanocomposites for Fast Methylene Blue Removal from Industrial Waste Water. <i>Nanomaterials</i> 2018, <i>8</i>, 878.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Correction: Jiang et al. Methods for Obtaining One Single Larmor Frequency, Either <i>v</i><sub>1</sub> or <i>v</i><sub>2</sub>, in the Coherent Spin Dynamics of Colloidal Quantum Dots. <i>Nanomaterials</i> 2023, <i>13</i>, 2006.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Correction: Ekman et al. Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties of Nitrogen-Doped Nanoporous Biochar: Efficient Removal of Reactive Orange 16 Dye and Colorful Effluents. <i>Nanomaterials</i> 2023, <i>13</i>, 2045.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>-Based Materials and Coatings for De-Icing and Defogging of Wind Turbine Blades: Materials Basis, Structural Design, Engineering Integration, and Future Opportunities.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Influence of the Ripeness Stages of the Precursors on the Optical Characteristics of Carbon Dots Obtained from Valencia Orange Peels (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) by Hydrothermal Synthesis.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Insights into ALD Growth of Al-Based Dielectric Stack on 4H-SiC.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Paired Bead and Magnet Array for Molding Microwells with Variable Concave Geometries

A Paired Bead and Magnet Array for Molding Microwells with Variable Concave Geometries

Published on: January 28, 2018

Geometry-Dependent Photonic Nanojet Formation and Arrays Coupling.

Zehua Sun¹, Shaobo Ge¹, Lujun Shen¹

¹Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Institute for Interdisciplinary and Innovation Research, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores how different shapes in photonic nanojet (PNJ) arrays affect light focusing. Cone and pyramid shapes offer stronger, more stable focusing compared to cylinders and truncated pyramids.

Keywords:

array coupling geometric configuration photonic hooks photonic nanojet

More Related Videos

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Published on: January 5, 2013

In vivo Quantification of G Protein Coupled Receptor Interactions using Spectrally Resolved Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo Quantification of G Protein Coupled Receptor Interactions using Spectrally Resolved Two-photon Microscopy

Published on: January 19, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Paired Bead and Magnet Array for Molding Microwells with Variable Concave Geometries

A Paired Bead and Magnet Array for Molding Microwells with Variable Concave Geometries

Published on: January 28, 2018

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Published on: January 5, 2013

In vivo Quantification of G Protein Coupled Receptor Interactions using Spectrally Resolved Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo Quantification of G Protein Coupled Receptor Interactions using Spectrally Resolved Two-photon Microscopy

Published on: January 19, 2011

Area of Science:

Photonics
Optical Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Photonic nanojets (PNJs) are highly localized optical fields generated by subwavelength dielectric structures.
Understanding PNJ behavior in arrays is crucial for applications like optical sensing and micro-manipulation.
The influence of geometric configuration on PNJ planar arrays requires systematic investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically investigate photonic nanojet (PNJ) planar arrays formed by dielectric microstructures.
To analyze the effects of geometry, array arrangement, and sparsity on PNJ formation and coupling.
To determine the optimal geometric configurations for enhanced PNJ properties.

Main Methods:

Utilized full-wave finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations.
Analyzed optical field distributions for various array configurations (cylinders, cones, truncated pyramids, pyramids).
Investigated the impact of inter-element spacing and array sparsity on coupling behavior.

Main Results:

Different geometries exhibit distinct coupling responses and PNJ intensities.
Pyramid and cone structures show higher spatial stability and significantly greater PNJ intensity (up to 93 a.u.) compared to cylinders and truncated pyramids.
Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) remains consistent across geometries, indicating geometry dictates lateral focusing.
Array sparsity can be tuned to control inter-element coupling, with different geometries requiring specific sparsity levels.

Conclusions:

Geometric configuration is the dominant factor in PNJ planar array performance.
Cone and pyramid structures are superior for achieving high-intensity, stable PNJs.
The findings provide essential guidance for the predictable design of PNJ planar arrays for various applications.