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Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
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Reactive Training in Enhancing Technical Performance and Modulating Cortisol Biomarkers in Competitive Soccer

Marco Centorbi1, Alessandro Medoro1, Luca Modolo2

  • 1Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
|January 27, 2026
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Summary

Reactive training in warm-ups enhances soccer players' technical skills and agility. This intervention also helped reduce stress biomarkers, specifically cortisol levels, in elite athletes.

Keywords:
agilityhormonal responseneuromuscular adaptationshooting precisionskill acquisition

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Soccer performance relies on integrating external and internal stimuli for technical, physical, and tactical development.
  • Elite soccer players require optimized training protocols to enhance skills and manage physiological stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of an Experimental Warm-Up (EWU) protocol on soccer-specific technical and physical skills.
  • To assess the EWU's effectiveness in modulating cortisol levels, a biomarker of physiological stress, in elite soccer players.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-two elite male soccer players were divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG).
  • The EG performed a 12-week EWU protocol involving progressive coordination exercises four times weekly, in addition to their regular warm-up.
  • Technical skills (e.g., agility, shooting) and urinary cortisol levels were measured pre- and post-intervention.

Main Results:

  • The EG demonstrated significant improvements in agility tests (ICODT-BALL), technical index, reaction time (Y-REACT), and shooting performance (SHOT) compared to the CG.
  • The EWU group exhibited a significant reduction in cortisol levels post-intervention, indicating effective stress modulation.
  • Improvements in technical and physical skills were significantly greater in the EWU group.

Conclusions:

  • Incorporating coordinative training into warm-up routines effectively enhances technical performance and agility in elite soccer players.
  • The EWU protocol aids in the regulation of physiological stress, as evidenced by reduced cortisol levels.
  • This approach offers a practical strategy for optimizing performance and well-being in competitive soccer.