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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Non-Genetically Modified Adoptive Cell Therapies for Solid Tumors: Current Landscape and Future Challenges.

Qinghuizi Luo1, Wendi Jiang2,3, Yiyang Xie4

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Summary

Non-genetically modified adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) offer a promising alternative for solid tumors. This review explores their potential, challenges, and combinatorial strategies for enhanced efficacy in immunotherapy.

Keywords:
Adoptive cell therapyNon-genetically modifiedSolid tumor treatmentTumor microenvironmentTumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Therapy

Background:

  • Non-genetically modified adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) are emerging as a safer alternative to genetic engineering for solid tumor immunotherapy.
  • CAR-T cell therapy faces challenges in solid tumors, including toxicity, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanistic basis, clinical progress, and limitations of non-genetically modified ACTs.
  • To propose combinatorial strategies to overcome current challenges and enhance clinical applicability.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and γδ T cells.
  • Integration of preclinical and clinical data to identify challenges and solutions.
  • Analysis of TME interactions, expansion inefficiencies, and protocol standardization.

Main Results:

  • Non-genetically modified ACTs like TILs, CIK, NK, and γδ T cells possess unique advantages against solid tumors.
  • Key challenges include inefficient in vitro expansion, lack of standardized protocols, and dynamic TME interactions.
  • Combinatorial approaches, patient stratification, and targeted therapies show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Non-genetically modified ACTs hold significant therapeutic potential for solid tumors but require further optimization.
  • Strategies such as biomarker-guided patient selection, cytokine augmentation, and combination therapies are crucial for clinical success.
  • Addressing expansion inefficiencies and TME hurdles is essential to bridge the gap between experimental promise and clinical reality.