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Sex differences in wheelchair marathon performance.

Matthew M Hanks, Joshua M Leonardis1, Adam W Bleakney

  • 1School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.

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|January 27, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Males consistently outperform females in wheelchair marathons, though these performance gaps are narrowing. Female participation has significantly increased over time, improving the male-to-female athlete ratio in these events.

Keywords:
Athletic PerformancePara-AthletesSex FactorsSports for Persons with DisabilitiesWheelchairs

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Disability Sport

Background:

  • Wheelchair marathon racing is a growing adaptive sport.
  • Understanding sex-based performance and participation trends is crucial for equitable sport development.
  • Historical data can illuminate long-term patterns in athletic engagement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze historical trends in sex differences in athletic performance among wheelchair marathoners.
  • To examine changes in participation rates for male and female wheelchair marathon athletes over time.
  • To identify the evolution of sex-based disparities in wheelchair marathon racing.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, observational study design.
  • Utilized publicly available data from Boston, Chicago, and New York City marathons (Wheelchair Division, 1984-2023).
  • Employed univariate analysis of variance and Pearson correlations to assess performance and participation trends.

Main Results:

  • Males demonstrated superior athletic performance compared to females across all events and time periods (p < 0.001).
  • Performance gaps widened from first place (20%) to tenth place (33%) finishers, though overall sex differences decreased over time (p < 0.001).
  • Female athlete participation significantly increased (p < 0.001), leading to a decreased male-to-female ratio over time.

Conclusions:

  • Significant sex differences persist in wheelchair marathon performance and participation.
  • Sex is a critical biological variable influencing human health and athletic performance, particularly in adaptive sports.
  • Findings underscore the need for continued research into sex-based performance disparities in wheelchair athletics.