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Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

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Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Near-Infrared Photonic Metal-Organic Frameworks.

He-Qi Zheng¹, Qi Zhang¹, Yuanjing Cui¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|January 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are engineered for near-infrared (NIR) photonic applications, leveraging their porous structures to enhance light emission and absorption for advanced technologies.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Photonics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Near-infrared (NIR) light, particularly NIR-II (1000-2000 nm), offers advantages like deep tissue penetration and low optical loss.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials with tunable structures and permanent porosity, making them promising for photonic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize recent advancements in designing and constructing NIR photonic MOFs.
To highlight the unique NIR photonic properties and diverse applications of these MOFs.

Main Methods:

Incorporation of NIR-responsive inorganic and organic units into MOF structures.
Encapsulation of NIR-responsive photonic species (e.g., lanthanide ions, dyes, nanoparticles) within MOF pores.
Design of mixed-lanthanide MOFs, multivariate-ligand MOFs, dye-encapsulated MOFs, and nanoparticle/MOF composites.

Main Results:

Demonstration of key NIR photonic functionalities including NIR photoluminescence, multiphoton luminescence, lasing, harmonic frequency generation, and nonlinear optical behaviors.
Successful application of NIR photonic MOFs in luminescent temperature sensing, 3D patterning, photonic data storage, micronano lasing, and biological imaging.

Conclusions:

NIR photonic MOFs offer a versatile platform for developing advanced photonic materials.
Further research in MOF design and synthesis can unlock novel NIR photonic properties and expand their applications in sensing, lasing, data storage, and biomedicine.