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Related Concept Videos

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

3.5K
Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
3.5K
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

1.7K
Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
1.7K
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

1.3K
This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
1.3K
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

1.8K
The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
1.8K
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons01:03

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons

4.2K
Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...
4.2K
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons00:58

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

3.3K
Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
In chiral compounds such as 2-butanol, replacing the methylene hydrogens at C3 produces a pair of...
3.3K

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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks
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Confining Amphiprotic Proton Source in Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enhancing Proton

Ting Zhen1, Ning-Hao Wang1, Xue-Song Wu1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology; Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry; Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center of Photo-functional Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Two new crystalline materials, CUST-841 and CUST-842, were synthesized for enhanced proton conductivity. CUST-842 shows significantly higher conductivity due to synergistic effects of zinc and sulfate incorporation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Confining proton sources in crystalline materials enhances proton conductivity.
  • Polyoxometalate (POM)-based materials are promising for solid proton conductors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Synthesize and characterize new POM-based compounds for proton conduction.
  • Investigate the structural and chemical factors influencing proton conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Hydrothermal synthesis
  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
  • Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)
  • AC impedance spectroscopy
  • 1H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Main Results:

  • Two compounds, CUST-841 and CUST-842, were successfully synthesized with excellent water and thermal stability.
  • CUST-842 exhibited a proton conductivity of 6.05 × 10^-4 S cm^-1 at 95°C and 98% RH, an order of magnitude higher than CUST-841.
  • Synergistic effects of Zn2+ coordination and HSO4- incorporation in CUST-842 promote proton dissociation and strengthen hydrogen-bond networks.

Conclusions:

  • The incorporation of Zn2+ and HSO4- significantly enhances proton conductivity in POM-based materials.
  • CUST-842 demonstrates potential as an efficient solid proton conductor.
  • This work provides insights into designing advanced solid proton conductors using POM frameworks.