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A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
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In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging
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Cathelicidin-like Peptide for Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Control.

Elizabete de Souza Cândido1,2, Danieli Fernanda Buccini2, Elizangela de Barros Miranda2

  • 1Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, DF, Brazil.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Snake venom peptides BotrAMP14 and CrotAMP14 show potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against drug-resistant skin pathogens. These antimicrobial peptides offer a promising alternative for treating challenging wound infections.

Keywords:
antimicrobial peptidebiofilmcathelicidin-likecutaneous infectionskin

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Area of Science:

  • Antimicrobial resistance research
  • Peptide therapeutics
  • Wound infection management

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global health threat, especially in wound infections.
  • Multidrug-resistant pathogens like Acinetobacter baumannii form biofilms, complicating treatment.
  • Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a novel therapeutic approach with reduced resistance potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate snake venom-derived cathelicidin-like peptides against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
  • To assess the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and in vivo efficacy of selected peptides.
  • To investigate the safety profile, including hemolytic and cytotoxic effects, of these peptides.

Main Methods:

  • Determined Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Minimal Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC).
  • Conducted time-kill kinetics, hemolytic activity, and cytotoxicity assays.
  • Utilized a murine skin wound infection model to assess in vivo efficacy and safety.

Main Results:

  • Peptides showed potent activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of resistant bacteria (MIC/MBC: 0.78-25 µM; MBIC: 1.56-12.5 µM).
  • BotrAMP14 and CrotAMP14 demonstrated rapid bactericidal action and significant in vivo efficacy in a murine wound model.
  • Peptides exhibited no hemolytic activity and low cytotoxicity, indicating a favorable safety profile.

Conclusions:

  • BotrAMP14 and CrotAMP14 are effective topical antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant skin infections.
  • These peptides represent a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics for challenging wound infections.
  • The findings address the urgent need for novel therapies against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.