Migraine Characteristics Among Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia

Background: Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder associated with significant morbidity and social burden. Although various triggers for migraine have been identified, the relationship between smoking and migraine remains unclear. This study aimed to compare migraine characteristics between people with and without smoking in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study using an online survey tool had been conducted in Saudi Arabia. The survey assessed migraine characteristics, smoking behaviour, demographics, and comorbidities. Statistical analyzes were performed to investigate the occurrence of migraine, smoking behaviour, and demographic factors. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, with various statistical tests employed to compare variables between groups. Results: A total of 229 participants were included in the study, with a majority being young adults (48.47%), predominantly females (66.81%), and holding a bachelor's degree (63.32%). The study found that 19.2% of individuals with migraine were current smokers, with an average smoking duration of 9.7 years. While some reported relief from migraine pain, others experienced increased pain intensity or frequency. No significant differences were found in migraine characteristics between smokers and non-smokers, but younger individuals and males with migraine were more likely to smoke. The study highlights the complex relationship between smoking and migraine, with varying effects on individuals. Conclusions: The study underscores the lack of significant differences in migraine characteristics between smokers and non-smokers, suggesting that smoking does not play a pivotal role in the clinical presentation of migraines. This insight prompts a shift in research focus towards other potential contributors to migraines, such as genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and comorbidities. Understanding these associations can inform public health strategies aimed at alleviating migraine-related burdens.