The Impact of Comorbidities on Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease frequently accompanied by cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal, psychiatric, and neoplastic comorbidities that are associated with higher morbidity and poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study evaluated the associations between comorbidities and patient-reported physical health, emotional distress, daily functioning, and social relationships in adults with RA and explored patient-reported unmet needs relevant to integrated care. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 286 adults with physician-confirmed RA, using a structured questionnaire (ICRA-Q) administered between June and July 2025 via online platforms and in-hospital supervised completion. The survey captured demographics, patient-reported physician-diagnosed comorbidities (current and/or past), perceived disease impact, functional limitations, emotional and social consequences, access to treatment, financial burden, and support needs. Analyses included descriptive statistics, χ² tests, t-tests/ANOVA, effect sizes (Cramer's V and standardized mean differences), and multivariable logistic regression to explore predictors of high HRQoL impact and high difficulty in disease management. An exploratory classification into high-risk phenotypes was performed using predefined clinical, psychological, and socioeconomic criteria. Results. Most participants (98.6%) reported at least one comorbidity, most commonly hypertension, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. Higher comorbidity burden and depression/anxiety were strongly associated with higher pain, reduced mobility, emotional distress, and financial strain. Exploratory high-risk phenotypes (severe somatic multimorbidity, high psychological vulnerability, high socioeconomic burden, and a composite very high-risk profile) were associated with poorer HRQoL indicators. Younger age, shorter disease duration, and higher perceived social support were associated with lower perceived burden. Conclusions. In this cross-sectional, patient-reported study, comorbidity burden-particularly psychological comorbidity-was strongly associated with poorer HRQoL and greater management difficulty in RA. These findings support the need for multidisciplinary, integrated care pathways; however, subgroup phenotypes should be considered exploratory and require external validation.