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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
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Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

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Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of...
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Energy Basics02:27

Energy Basics

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Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
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Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
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Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

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Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates higher...
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Basic Operations on Signals01:22

Basic Operations on Signals

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Basic signal operations include time reversal, time scaling, time shifting, and amplitude transformations. These operations are fundamental in signal processing and analysis.
Time Reversal mirrors a continuous-time signal about the vertical axis at t=0. This is achieved by substituting t with −t. For example, if a signal x(t) is considered, the time-reversed signal is x(−t). This operation can be graphically represented, showing the mirrored signal.
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Composition and Function of Gut Microbiome: From Basic Omics to Precision Medicine.

Yan Ma1, Lamei Wang1, Haitao Hu1

  • 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Genes
|January 28, 2026
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Summary

The gut microbiome influences host health, regulating metabolism and immunity. Advances integrate microbiome and host genomics for precision medicine, enabling targeted treatments for diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative conditions.

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health and diseasehost–microbe interactionshuman microbiomemetagenomicsmulti-omics approaches

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome Research
  • Genomics
  • Translational Medicine

Background:

  • The gut microbiome, comprising microbial communities and their products, critically regulates host metabolism, immunity, and neuroendocrine functions.
  • Understanding microbiome-host interactions is vital due to the microbiome's systemic influence on health.
  • Recent advances highlight the need to integrate microbiome data with host genomics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a systematic overview of recent advances in microbiome-host interactions.
  • To integrate microbiome composition, function, and genetics with host genomics.
  • To explore the technological pipeline from basic research to clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of a technological pipeline including in vitro and in vivo models.
  • Techniques such as single-bacterium CRISPR editing, organoid-microbiome co-culture, and humanized animal models.
  • Application of multi-omics, machine learning, and causal inference for personalized probiotic design.

Main Results:

  • Integration of microbiome and host genomics offers a comprehensive view of their interactions.
  • A technological pipeline facilitates the translation of microbiome research into clinical strategies.
  • Development of precision intervention strategies based on microbiome associations.

Conclusions:

  • Interdisciplinary research is key to transforming microbiome insights into targeted clinical applications.
  • Precision microbiome interventions hold promise for treating cancer, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • This approach forms the foundation for a new generation of precision medicine.