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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes
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Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

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How ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Complexes Regulate Vertebrate Embryonic Development.

Hejie Wang1, Gulinigaer Anwaier2, Shengbin Bai1

  • 1Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, crucial for gene expression, are vital in embryonic development and stem cell maintenance. Understanding these complexes aids in addressing developmental defects and advancing regenerative medicine.

Keywords:
chromatin remodeling complexesembryonic developmentembryonic genome activationepigenetic modificationslineage specification

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Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are key regulators of gene expression by modifying chromatin structure.
  • These complexes are classified into four families (SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, INO80) and perform functions like nucleosome sliding and eviction.
  • They are implicated in essential processes including DNA repair, tumorigenesis, organogenesis, and embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a systematic overview of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes.
  • To detail their classification, conserved mechanisms, and functions in early embryogenesis.
  • To discuss their roles in embryonic stem cell maintenance and implications for developmental biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in low-input proteomics and developmental biology.
  • Systematic analysis of chromatin remodeling complex classification and mechanisms.
  • Discussion of functional roles in vertebrate embryonic development, including mammalian and non-mammalian models.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin remodelers are essential for embryonic genome activation, lineage specification, and stem cell fate in mammals.
  • In non-mammalian models like Xenopus laevis, they are critical during gastrulation and neurulation for cell fate decisions.
  • These complexes are involved in fundamental processes from blastocyst formation to pre-organogenesis stages.

Conclusions:

  • ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are conserved regulators of gene expression and critical for embryonic development.
  • Their functions are vital for understanding developmental defects and hold promise for regenerative medicine.
  • Further research into these complexes can elucidate mechanisms of cell fate determination and stem cell maintenance.