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Related Concept Videos

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The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Related Experiment Video

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High-Resolution Snapshot Multispectral Imaging System for Hazardous Gas Classification and Dispersion Quantification.

Zhi Li1,2, Hanyuan Zhang1,2, Qiang Li1,2

  • 1Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.

Micromachines
|January 28, 2026
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Summary

A new High-Resolution Snapshot Multispectral Imaging System (HRSMIS) enables real-time monitoring of hazardous gas emissions. This advanced system rapidly visualizes gas plumes, identifies species, and quantifies concentrations in open environments.

Keywords:
gas leak detectionhigh spatial resolutionindustrial monitoringlong-wave infrared (LWIR)microlens array (MLA)snapshot multispectral imaging system (SMIS)

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental monitoring
  • Optical engineering
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Real-time monitoring of hazardous gas emissions in open environments is challenging.
  • Conventional methods sequentially acquire spectral and spatial data, limiting rapid detection of multiple gas species and dynamic dispersion patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a High-Resolution Snapshot Multispectral Imaging System (HRSMIS) for near real-time hazardous gas monitoring.
  • To integrate high spatial fidelity with multispectral capabilities for plume visualization, gas identification, and concentration retrieval.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a dual-path optical configuration sharing a common telescope for simultaneous high-resolution imaging and multispectral snapshot acquisition.
  • Utilized two 5x5 microlens arrays with narrowband filter arrays to generate 25 spectral channels for concurrent detection of up to 25 gas species.
  • Implemented spatio-spectral super-resolution fusion for multispectral data using high-resolution imaging path information.

Main Results:

  • The HRSMIS achieved modulation transfer function (MTF) values of at least 0.40 (high-resolution) and 0.29 (multispectral).
  • Demonstrated imaging stability through Monte Carlo tolerance analysis.
  • Enabled real-time visualization of gas plumes and accurate quantification of dispersion dynamics and temporal concentration variations.

Conclusions:

  • The HRSMIS effectively integrates high spatial resolution and multispectral capabilities for advanced hazardous gas monitoring.
  • The system facilitates rapid, simultaneous detection and quantification of multiple gas species and their dispersion patterns.
  • HRSMIS offers a significant advancement for real-time environmental monitoring of hazardous gas emissions.