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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

A 3-dimensional 3D-printed Template for High Throughput Zebrafish Embryo Arraying
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Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of C1-C2 Fixation: 3D-Printed Template vs. Free-Hand Technique.

Ceren Kizmazoglu1, Koray Ur1, Inan Uzunoglu2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, 35340 Izmir, Turkey.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The 3D-printed template technique for C1-C2 fixation significantly reduces operative and fluoroscopy times compared to the free-hand method. This approach offers a cost-effective alternative for atlantoaxial instability surgery.

Keywords:
3D model3D printingC1–C2 fixationpatient-specific template

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • The Goel-Harms technique for atlantoaxial instability offers high fusion rates but risks neurovascular injury.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging, cost-effective surgical tool.
  • Patient-specific 3D-printed templates can potentially improve surgical accuracy and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare clinical and radiological outcomes of C1-C2 fixation using 3D-printed templates versus the free-hand technique.
  • To evaluate the impact of 3D printing on operative time, fluoroscopy duration, and screw accuracy.
  • To assess the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of 3D-printed templates in neurosurgical procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 21 patients undergoing C1-C2 fixation with the Goel-Harms technique.
  • Comparison between patient-specific 3D-printed template (Group 1, n=10) and free-hand technique (Group 2, n=11).
  • Assessment of screw accuracy using the Gertzbein-Robbins classification and review of operative/radiological outcomes.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in screw accuracy between the 3D-printed template group (95%) and the free-hand group (93.1%).
  • Significantly shorter mean operative times (126.6 min vs. 171.4 min) and fluoroscopy times (21.9 s vs. 27.1 s) in the 3D-printed template group.
  • The 3D-printed template technique demonstrated improved efficiency without compromising screw placement accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D-printed template technique for C1-C2 fixation is a viable and efficient alternative to the free-hand method.
  • This technology significantly reduces operative and fluoroscopy times, enhancing surgical workflow.
  • 3D printing provides a cost-effective solution for improving precision in spinal instrumentation, minimizing the need for expensive navigation systems.