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Genetic Diversity of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genotype II in Poland
Anna Pikuła1, Anna Lisowska1, Justyna Opolska1
1Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
Summary
Recent increases in avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) GII infections in Poland are linked to evolving GII strains. Genetic analysis reveals distinct viral evolution, potentially impacting poultry health and production undetected.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Virology
- Poultry Disease Epidemiology
- Molecular Evolution
Background:
- Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genotype II (GII) infections in Poland were historically stable but show recent increases.
- Understanding the genetic makeup of circulating IBV GII strains is crucial for disease surveillance and control.
Purpose of the Study:
- To genetically characterize Polish IBV GII strains from 2011-2021.
- To determine if new epidemic waves are driven by genetic changes in IBV GII.
- To assess the evolutionary dynamics of IBV GII in the Polish poultry population.
Main Methods:
- Genotyping of eight Polish IBV field strains using the complete S1 coding region.
- Phylogenetic analysis to determine strain relationships and lineage classification.
- Analysis of partial S1 sequences from 15 additional IBV GII strains.
Main Results:
- Eight Polish IBV strains belonged to genotype II, with two clustering in known GII-1 and GII-2 lineages.
- Six strains exhibited significant genetic divergence, forming a distinct group but not meeting criteria for a new lineage.
- All analyzed strains appear to belong to the GII-1 lineage, though partial sequences indicate ongoing genetic distinctiveness and evolution.
- IBV GII strains primarily affect long-lived, egg-producing chickens (layers and breeders).
Conclusions:
- The genetic distinctiveness of recent Polish IBV GII strains suggests ongoing viral evolution.
- High genetic diversity may lead to undetected circulation, with production issues in laying flocks potentially misattributed.
- IBV GII surveillance is essential, especially given its impact on commercial layers and breeders and potential for cryptic spread.
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