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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
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Accuracy and Precision01:52

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.  Highly accurate...
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Accuracy, limits, and approximation01:28

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Accuracy, limits, and approximations are common in many fields, especially in engineering calculations. These concepts are imperative for ensuring that a given value is as close as possible to its true value.
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Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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A semi-automated robotic system for percutaneous interventions.

International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery·2023
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Tissue-simulating Phantoms for Assessing Potential Near-infrared Fluorescence Imaging Applications in Breast Cancer Surgery
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Monocular Near-Infrared Optical Tracking with Retroreflective Fiducial Markers for High-Accuracy Image-Guided

Javier Hernán Moviglia1, Jan Stallkamp1

  • 1Mannheim Institute for Intelligent Systems in Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We developed a precise monocular optical tracking system for image-guided surgery. This system uses compact markers and a single camera, achieving high accuracy and low latency for improved surgical navigation.

Keywords:
fiducial markershigh-accuracy trackingimage-guided surgeryoptical trackingretroreflective markerssurgical navigation

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Surgical Navigation Technology
  • Optical Tracking Systems

Background:

  • Image-guided surgery requires high-accuracy, low-latency, and compact tracking systems for safe operating room navigation.
  • Existing systems may face limitations in precision, speed, or size for demanding surgical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel monocular optical tracking system for image-guided surgery.
  • To achieve high accuracy, low latency, and a minimal footprint using a single near-infrared camera and specialized markers.

Main Methods:

  • A monocular optical tracking system was designed using a single near-infrared camera with directional illumination.
  • Compact, non-metallic, dodecahedral retroreflective markers with fiducial patterns were fabricated for sterilization and compatibility with CT/MRI.
  • Systematic assessment of multiple fiducial families, detection strategies, and optical configurations was performed.

Main Results:

  • The ArUco MIP_36h12 fiducial family demonstrated optimal performance.
  • The system achieved a translational error of 0.44 ± 0.20 mm and a rotational error of 0.35 ± 0.16°.
  • A working distance of 30-70 cm and a total system latency of 32 ± 8 ms were recorded.

Conclusions:

  • The developed monocular optical tracking system provides a compact, versatile, and precise solution for navigated and image-guided surgery.
  • The system meets the demanding requirements of accuracy and low latency essential for modern surgical procedures.
  • The marker design ensures compatibility with common medical imaging modalities and sterilization protocols.