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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Colloidal Synthesis of Nanopatch Antennas for Applications in Plasmonics and Nanophotonics
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A Low-Sidelobe Fully Metallic Ridge Gap Waveguide Antenna Array for W-Band Applications.

Huixia Jiang1,2, Lili Sheng2, Pengsheng Nie1

  • 1Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel W-band array antenna using ridge gap waveguide technology for high gain and efficiency. The design achieves low sidelobes, crucial for advanced radar and 6G communications.

Keywords:
Taylor amplitudelow-sidelobemillimeter-waveridge gap waveguideslot array antenna

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Area of Science:

  • Electromagnetics and Applied Electrophysics
  • Antenna Theory and Design
  • Millimeter-wave Technology

Background:

  • The demand for high-performance antennas in W-band frequencies is increasing for applications like radar and 6G communications.
  • Existing antenna designs often face challenges in achieving high gain, low sidelobes, and high efficiency simultaneously.
  • Ridge gap waveguide technology offers a promising solution for developing advanced antenna structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and demonstrate a low-sidelobe, high-gain, and high-efficiency all-metal array antenna.
  • To leverage ridge gap waveguide technology for improved antenna performance.
  • To address the limitations of conventional antenna designs in the W-band spectrum.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a three-layer contactless metal structure.
  • Integrated a stepped-ridge feeding network with Taylor amplitude distribution.
  • Incorporated a higher-order mode resonant cavity for efficient power distribution and low-loss transmission.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a reflection coefficient below -10 dB across 92.5-103.5 GHz.
  • Demonstrated in-band gain exceeding 25.8 dBi with <1 dB fluctuation.
  • Exceeded 78% radiation efficiency with sidelobe levels below -17.5 dB and cross-polarization better than -30 dB.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed antenna meets the critical demands for high gain, low sidelobes, and high efficiency in W-band arrays.
  • The ridge gap waveguide technology enables contactless metal structures, eliminating welding/bonding needs.
  • The antenna shows significant potential for millimeter-wave radar, imaging, and 6G communication systems.