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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE
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NTFold: Structure-Sensing Nucleotide Attention Learning for RNA Secondary Structure Prediction.

Kangjun Jin1, Zhuo Zhang1, Guipeng Lan1

  • 1The School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Predicting RNA secondary structures is crucial. NTFold, a deep learning framework, accurately determines these structures by modeling nucleotide interactions, outperforming existing methods for efficient RNA structural sensing.

Keywords:
RNA secondary structure predictionnucleotide attention mechanismstructure-sensing refinement

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Determining RNA secondary structures is essential but challenging.
  • Experimental methods are costly and time-consuming.
  • Accurate prediction methods are needed for large-scale applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce NTFold, a deep learning framework for accurate RNA secondary structure prediction.
  • Improve upon existing computational methods for RNA structure determination.
  • Enable efficient and scalable RNA structural sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Developed NTFold, integrating a Nucleotide Attention Module (NAM) and a Structural Refinement Module (SRM).
  • NAM models dependencies among nucleotides for fine-grained sequence correlations.
  • SRM refines correlation maps, preserving spatial information and ensuring structural consistency.

Main Results:

  • NTFold achieves high-precision contact maps for reliable RNA secondary structure reconstruction.
  • Demonstrated superior performance compared to existing deep learning-based predictors.
  • Effectively learns both local and global nucleotide interactions.

Conclusions:

  • NTFold offers a novel approach for RNA secondary structure prediction.
  • The framework integrates attention-based correlation modeling with structure-sensing refinement.
  • Provides an efficient and scalable solution for RNA structural sensing.