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Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

705
From the study of resistive circuits, it is understood that employing a series-parallel combination serves as an effective strategy for simplifying circuits. Capacitors can be arranged within a circuit in one of two ways: a series configuration or a parallel configuration. The way these capacitors are connected to a battery will influence both the potential drop across each individual capacitor and the size of the charge that each capacitor can store. This is determined by the specific type of...
705
Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

2.2K
Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
The following strategies are adopted to calculate...
2.2K
Capacitors and Capacitance01:18

Capacitors and Capacitance

9.3K
A device consisting of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance and used to store electrical charges is called a capacitor. The space between the conductors is either a vacuum or an insulating material, called a dielectric. Capacitors have many applications, ranging from filtering static from radio reception to energy storage in heart defibrillators.
When the conductors are two identical parallel plates, it is called a parallel plate capacitor. When battery terminals are...
9.3K
Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

1.5K
In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
1.5K
Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

603
In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
603
Local Attraction01:22

Local Attraction

370
Local attraction refers to disturbances in compass readings caused by magnetic influences from nearby objects such as metal fences, buried pipes, vehicles, buildings, power lines, or natural iron ore deposits. Small items like wristwatches, steel tools, or belt buckles can also interfere with the compass by creating local magnetic fields that distort the Earth's natural magnetic field. These distortions lead to inaccurate readings, posing navigation and land surveying challenges.Local...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain
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Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

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Development of a Robot-Assisted TMS Localization System Using Dual Capacitive Sensors for Coil Tilt Detection.

Czaryn Diane Salazar Ompico1, Julius Noel Banayo2, Yamato Mashio1

  • 1Systems and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi 371-0816, Gunma, Japan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a cost-effective, markerless robotic system for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) coil placement. It improves accuracy and consistency by using a depth camera and sensors, simplifying TMS procedures.

Keywords:
3D cameraTranscranial Magnetic Stimulationcapacitive sensorscoil localizationrobotic-assisted TMStilt detection

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Robotics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) effectiveness relies on precise coil placement.
  • Current methods like manual localization are inconsistent, while advanced systems are complex and costly.
  • Robotic-assisted and neuronavigation systems offer accuracy but increase setup burden.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cost-effective, markerless robotic-assisted TMS system for accurate coil localization.
  • To enhance TMS procedure accessibility, safety, and consistency.
  • To reduce the complexity associated with optical tracking systems.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D depth camera detects facial landmarks for motor cortex (C3) localization.
  • Textile capacitive sensors provide soft-landing, contact confirmation, and coil-tilt estimation.
  • A collaborative robot adheres to human-robot interaction safety standards.

Main Results:

  • Reliable C3 targeting was achieved in experimental evaluations with participants.
  • Valid motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained post-calibration in most trials.
  • Peak MEP amplitudes correlated with balanced sensor readings in 80% of tilt-verification trials.

Conclusions:

  • The markerless robotic system offers a simpler, more accessible alternative to complex optical tracking.
  • The developed system enhances the safety and consistency of TMS coil placement.
  • This approach has the potential to broaden the application of TMS in research and therapy.