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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Vaccinations01:51

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Overview
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Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract01:31

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract

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The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
The Larynx
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea, acts as a passageway for air, and hosts several critical structures, such as the epiglottis, vocal cords, and glottis. The epiglottis acts as a gateway, guiding food to the...
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The Respiratory System01:16

The Respiratory System

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The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
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Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract....
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Respiratory Capacities01:24

Respiratory Capacities

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Respiratory capacities are crucial indicators of lung function, representing the maximum amount of air an individual's respiratory system can handle during various breathing phases.
One key metric is the Inspiratory Capacity (IC), which represents the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled with full effort. IC is calculated by summing the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume, typically ranging from 2.4 to 3.6 liters.
The Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) represents the air in the...
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Vaccination Against Respiratory Infections in Adults with Cancer: A Concise Guide for Clinicians.

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Vaccinating adults with cancer against respiratory infections is crucial. Evidence shows vaccines are safe and effective, with benefits outweighing risks for this vulnerable population.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Global cancer incidence is high, with infections, especially respiratory ones, causing significant morbidity and mortality in cancer patients.
  • Respiratory infections by pathogens like influenza, SARS-CoV-2, RSV, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis are major concerns.
  • Vaccination is recommended for adults with cancer, but uptake is suboptimal despite their increased vulnerability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide practical guidance for healthcare professionals on vaccinating adults with cancer against respiratory infections.
  • To address barriers to vaccination such as complacency, confidence, and convenience.
  • To summarize evidence on vaccine safety and efficacy in cancer patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on respiratory infections and vaccination in cancer patients.
  • Analysis of evidence regarding vaccine safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Synthesis of recommendations for vaccine administration, including timing, dosing, and contraindications.

Main Results:

  • Vaccination benefits in cancer patients consistently outweigh potential risks, with similar adverse event rates to the general population.
  • Early vaccination is encouraged, even if immune responses may be reduced.
  • Live attenuated vaccines should be avoided in immunocompromised patients; some may need booster doses.

Conclusions:

  • Vaccination is a critical preventive measure for adults with cancer against respiratory infections.
  • Healthcare professionals should actively promote and administer recommended vaccines.
  • Cancer immunotherapy does not appear to negatively impact vaccine-induced immune responses.