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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Review and Preview01:13

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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Necrotising enterocolitis biomarkers: a systematic review.

Muhammad Ashhad Faizan1,2, Iffat Khalid1, Asten Yeo1

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.

Frontiers in Pediatrics
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) diagnosis is challenging. This review identifies biomarkers like calprotectin and specific urine proteins that show high accuracy for early NEC detection in preterm neonates.

Keywords:
DSNLTNEC (necrotizing enterocolitis)PEDFbell's stagingbiomarkerscalprotectininterleukinsnecrotising enterocolitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Gastroenterology
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal inflammatory condition affecting preterm infants.
  • Difficulties in diagnosis stem from variable clinical signs and lack of standardized biomarkers.
  • Understanding inflammatory pathways is crucial for early detection and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review inflammatory pathways in NEC pathogenesis.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for early-stage NEC detection.
  • To assess the diagnostic accuracy of identified biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases.
  • Included studies focused on diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers for NEC.
  • Risk of bias assessed using QUADAS-2 tool, following PRISMA guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Analyzed 79 studies, evaluating biomarkers for differentiating NEC stages.
  • Faecal and serum calprotectin demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity.
  • Urine protein panels (CST3, PEDF, RET4) and DSNLT also showed promising diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Several biomarkers, including calprotectin and specific urine proteins, show potential for early NEC diagnosis.
  • Further research is needed to validate these biomarkers in clinical practice.
  • Accurate early detection can improve outcomes for preterm neonates with NEC.