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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Elements and Compounds02:54

Classification of Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...
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Elements and Compounds01:27

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Molecular compounds or covalent compounds result when atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Since there is no electron transfer, molecular compounds do not contain ions; instead, they consist of discrete, neutral molecules. 
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Integrated LIBS-Raman spectroscopic platform for concurrent elemental and molecular analysis.

Sungho Shin1, John Park2, Duk-Jo Kong1,2

  • 1GIST InnoCORE Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 61005 Gwangju, Republic of Korea.

Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods and Applications
|January 28, 2026
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Summary

A new compact system combines laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) for simultaneous analysis of microplastics and adsorbed metals. This technology enables accurate identification and quantification of contaminants for environmental monitoring.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy and Material Analysis

Background:

  • Microplastic particles (MPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants.
  • MPs can adsorb toxic metals and organic compounds, posing risks to ecosystems and human health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a compact analytical platform for simultaneous molecular and elemental analysis of microplastic particles.
  • To enable direct correlation between polymer identity and adsorbed metal content.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) in a shared optical path.
  • Acquisition of consecutive LIBS and Raman signals from the same microplastic spot.
  • Application of machine learning (Gaussian mixture model, k-means) for spectral data analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successful discrimination of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) using Raman spectroscopy.
  • Detection of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in metal-exposed PS beads using LIBS, with concentration-dependent intensities.
  • Achieved limits of detection of 2.29 ppm for Pb and 1.61 ppm for Cu.
  • Unsupervised classification accuracy of up to 99.3% using machine learning algorithms.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated LIBS-RS system offers analytical performance comparable to laboratory-scale instruments.
  • The system provides molecular fingerprinting for field-deployable microplastic and contaminant monitoring.
  • This approach facilitates accurate identification and quantification of microplastics and associated toxic metals.