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Related Concept Videos

Rolling Without Slipping01:09

Rolling Without Slipping

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People have observed the rolling motion without slipping ever since the invention of the wheel. For example, one can look at the interaction between a car's tires and the surface of the road. If the driver presses the accelerator to the floor so that the tires spin without the car moving forward, there must be kinetic friction between the wheels and the road's surface. If the driver slowly presses the accelerator, causing the car to move forward, the tires roll without slipping. It is...
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Rolling With Slipping01:14

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Rolling with slipping is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a rolling object experiences both rotational and linear motion but also experiences frictional forces that cause slipping. This phenomenon can occur in various situations, such as when a tire rolls on a wet road or a ball rolls on a rough surface.
An object's rolling motion is characterized by its rotation around its axis, while linear motion refers to the object's translational motion along a surface. Frictional forces can...
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Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
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Rolling Resistance: Problem Solving01:17

Rolling Resistance: Problem Solving

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Rolling resistance, also known as rolling friction, is the force that resists the motion of a rolling object, such as a wheel, tire, or ball, when it moves over a surface. It is caused by the deformation of the object and the surface in contact with each other, as well as other factors like internal friction, hysteresis, and energy losses within the materials. Rolling resistance opposes the object's motion, requiring additional energy to overcome it and maintain movement. In practical...
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Flow Sheet01:17

Flow Sheet

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Flowsheets are valuable tools in nursing documentation. They enable healthcare professionals to efficiently record and monitor various patient assessments and measurements in a consolidated format.
Here's a closer look at the examples of flowsheets commonly used by nurses:
Graphic Sheet Documentation:
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo
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Bioinspired Programmable Biaxial Rolling Gel Sheets for Complex 3D Morphing.

Yinmin Cai1,2, Changxian Wang3, Man Yang1

  • 1Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel sinusoidal-patterned hydrogel-semi-embedded-organogel (HSEO) sheet for advanced shape-morphing applications. This design enables controllable biaxial rolling and complex 3D transformations, overcoming limitations in soft robotics and smart medicine.

Keywords:
biaxial rollingbioinspiredgelprogrammable shape morphing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Soft Robotics
  • Smart Medicine

Background:

  • Shape-morphing gels are crucial for soft robotics, flexible electronics, and smart medicine.
  • Current research often focuses on bilayer structures for rapid and multi-responsive shape changes.
  • Controllable biaxial rolling with tunable curvature remains a significant challenge in the field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel hydrogel-semi-embedded-organogel (HSEO) sheet with a sinusoidal pattern.
  • To achieve programmable biaxial rolling with controllable curvature.
  • To explore a new mechanism for complex 3D shape transformations in soft materials.

Main Methods:

  • Constructed a sinusoidal-patterned HSEO sheet using a wetting-enabled 3D interfacial polymerization (WET-DIP) strategy.
  • Utilized the sinusoidal pattern to redistribute anisotropic stress.
  • Employed finite element analysis (FEA) to validate curvature modulation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully realized biaxial morphing and modulated longitudinal and transversal curvatures by tuning sinusoidal pattern parameters.
  • The semi-embedded heterostructure enabled the organogel to overcome isotropic stress limitations.
  • Demonstrated counterintuitive rolling behaviors and complex 3D transformations through precise stress modulation.

Conclusions:

  • The sinusoidal-patterned HSEO sheet offers a programmable and counterintuitive shape-morphing mechanism.
  • This approach enables precise control over stress distribution for complex 3D transformations.
  • Presents a novel perspective for designing advanced soft actuators with tailored functionalities.