Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

3.1K
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
3.1K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

7.3K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
7.3K
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

1.1K
The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
1.1K
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

23.9K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
23.9K
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

413
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
413
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

5.8K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
5.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Brain function in language and associated networks in non- or minimally verbal children.

Brain communications·2026
Same author

Dopamine Bidirectionally Biases Incentive and Aversive Salience in Humans.

Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging·2026
Same author

Stable Diffusion Models Reveal a Persisting Human-AI Gap in Visual Creativity.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Time-course evolution of counterfactual thinking after early pregnancy loss.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Systematic review and meta-analysis reveal positive therapeutic effects of music in brain damage rehabilitation.

Frontiers in integrative neuroscience·2026
Same author

Music Ensemble: a large dataset on musicianship, cognition, and personality in musicians and nonmusicians.

Scientific data·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.
09:38

The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.

Published on: June 12, 2009

26.7K

Sensorimotor Frequency Tagging Is Enhanced by Auditory and Audiovisual but Not Visual, Inputs During a Body-Walking

Marta Matamala-Gomez1,2,3, Adrià Vilà-Balló1,2,4, David Cucurell2

  • 1Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Psychophysiology
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Rhythmic sensory inputs, especially auditory ones at 2 Hz, enhance brain entrainment in sensorimotor areas during walking perception. This finding is crucial for developing sensory-based rehabilitation strategies.

Keywords:
EEG frequency taggingauditory stimulationbrain dynamicsrhythmsensorimotor entrainmentwalking movement

More Related Videos

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese
08:08

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Published on: April 1, 2016

9.7K
Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease
07:21

Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: June 16, 2023

1.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.
09:38

The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.

Published on: June 12, 2009

26.7K
Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese
08:08

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Published on: April 1, 2016

9.7K
Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease
07:21

Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: June 16, 2023

1.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics
  • Sensory Perception

Background:

  • Human locomotion, like walking, naturally synchronizes with sensory inputs around 2 Hz.
  • The brain's neural oscillations can be tagged using electroencephalography (EEG) to study beat perception.
  • Understanding sensory-motor coupling is key for movement rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate brain dynamics during the perception of walking-related auditory and visual stimuli.
  • To examine how rhythmic vs. random sensory sequences at different frequencies (1, 2, 3.6 Hz) affect neural entrainment.
  • To explore the role of auditory, visual, and audiovisual inputs in sensorimotor cortex activity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized EEG frequency tagging to record brain activity from 22 participants.
  • Presented rhythmic and random auditory (footstep sounds) and visual (point-light figure) stimuli.
  • Analyzed neural entrainment in auditory, visual, and audiovisual conditions at 1, 2, and 3.6 Hz.

Main Results:

  • Rhythmic sequences significantly enhanced neural entrainment compared to random sequences across all conditions and frequencies.
  • At 2 Hz, rhythmic auditory and audiovisual inputs specifically boosted entrainment in the sensorimotor cortex.
  • Visual-only input at 2 Hz did not show this enhancement; audiovisual input also involved temporal and occipital regions.

Conclusions:

  • Rhythmic auditory sensory input at 2 Hz effectively drives neural entrainment in sensorimotor areas associated with walking.
  • The findings highlight the potential of using rhythmic sensory cues for gait rehabilitation.
  • Audiovisual integration at 2 Hz shows widespread neural coupling, suggesting complex sensory-motor processing.