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Proanthocyanidins in food and health: structure-activity relationships, application challenges, and emerging
Ziyu Li1, Wenjun Wang1, Ping Cheng1
1College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Resources and High-Value Utilization, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China.
Abstract:
Proanthocyanidins (PCs) are plant-derived polyphenols that exhibit diverse redox-related and protective functions intrinsically linked to their chemical structures. Key structural features, including degree of polymerization (DP), galloylation, and interflavan linkage type, critically govern the bioactivity, interaction behavior, and functional performance of PCs. This review summarizes recent advances in elucidating the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of PCs, with emphasis on the links between structural features and their bioactivity in food systems. Recent progress in depolymerization, structural modification, and stabilization strategies has enhanced the solubility, stability, and bioaccessibility of PCs through chemical catalysis, physical processing, and biotransformation. In addition, interactions between PCs and food matrix components play a critical role in preserving structural integrity and regulating retention during processing and gastrointestinal digestion. Future advancements in targeted delivery systems, multi-omics approaches, and computational modeling are expected to facilitate the rational design and translation of PCs into functional ingredients in food and health systems.
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