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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Constructing High-Performance Lithium-Rich Manganese-Based Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries by Surface

Hongjie Tan1, Yanpeng Liu2, Haiyang Wu2

  • 1School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Surface modification of lithium-rich manganese oxide cathode materials using MXene and aluminum doping significantly enhances lithium-ion battery performance. This strategy improves initial Coulombic efficiency, cycling stability, and rate capability for advanced energy storage.

Keywords:
Al dopingMXenelithium-rich manganese-based materialsspinel phasesurface modification

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Layered lithium-rich manganese oxide (LMRO) materials offer high theoretical specific capacity for lithium-ion batteries.
  • Practical application of LMRO is hindered by low initial Coulombic efficiency, poor cycling stability, and inadequate rate capability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the rate performance and cycling stability of LMRO cathode materials.
  • To develop a surface modification strategy coupling ion doping for improved electrochemical performance.

Main Methods:

  • Surface modification of LMRO with an oxidized MXene layer (TiO2).
  • Induction of an in situ spinel phase on the LMRO surface.
  • Aluminum doping to form stable Al-O bonds within the material.

Main Results:

  • The modified MXT@LNCMAO cathode exhibited a high discharge specific capacity of 270.0 mAh/g with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 91.2% at 0.2 C.
  • The in situ spinel phase facilitated lithium-ion diffusion, improving rate performance.
  • Aluminum doping enhanced cycling stability, achieving 86.1% capacity retention after 400 cycles at 5 C.

Conclusions:

  • The combined MXene surface modification and aluminum doping strategy effectively improves LMRO electrochemical performance.
  • This approach offers a promising general strategy for enhancing lithium-ion battery cathode materials.