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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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A Transparent Directional Thermal Emitter.

Qixiang Chen1, Zhuning Wang2, Xinyu Zhao1

  • 1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.

Nano Letters
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a transparent asymmetric directional emitter (TADE) for windows, achieving significant temperature reduction and reducing HVAC energy consumption in buildings.

Keywords:
Asymmetric thermal radiationDirectional thermal emitterEnergy-saving windowRadiative coolingVertical radiative cooling

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Area of Science:

  • Building energy efficiency
  • Materials science
  • Thermal engineering

Background:

  • Windows are critical for building energy performance but challenging for passive cooling.
  • Vertical surfaces require mitigation of environmental heat gain while maintaining transparency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a transparent material for effective passive radiative cooling on vertical windows.
  • To reduce parasitic heat gain from the environment and improve visible transparency.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a transparent asymmetric directional emitter (TADE).
  • Field measurements of TADE-integrated glass performance under summer noon conditions.
  • Global building energy simulations to assess HVAC energy savings.

Main Results:

  • TADE exhibits visible transmittance up to 0.83.
  • TADE-integrated glass achieved a 4.8 °C reduction compared to regular glass.
  • Simulations show reduced HVAC energy consumption in hot climates.

Conclusions:

  • TADE offers a novel approach for enhancing building window energy efficiency.
  • Asymmetric directional emission effectively mitigates parasitic heat gain.
  • TADE is a promising technology for passive cooling in buildings.