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We developed a new vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) for atomic clocks. This compact VCSEL achieves a narrow linewidth of ~1 MHz, improving frequency stability for quantum sensors and references.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Quantum Technologies
  • Laser Physics and Engineering

Background:

  • Conventional vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have limitations for precision applications due to short cavity lengths and spontaneous emission, leading to broad linewidths.
  • Narrow-linewidth lasers are crucial for chip-scale atomic clocks and quantum sensors, but achieving this in compact VCSELs remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a monolithically integrated VCSEL with intrinsic linewidth compression for enhanced frequency stability.
  • To develop a VCSEL architecture suitable for next-generation quantum-enabled frequency references and sensing platforms.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and fabricated a VCSEL with an adjacent passive cavity to extend photon lifetime and suppress unwanted modes.
  • Characterized the VCSEL's optical performance, including linewidth, single-mode operation, side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR), and polarization suppression ratio (OPSR).
  • Integrated the VCSEL into a Cesium vapor-cell atomic clock to evaluate its performance in a real-world application.

Main Results:

  • Achieved intrinsic linewidth compression to approximately 1 MHz at the Cesium D1 line (894.6 nm) without external feedback.
  • Demonstrated robust single-mode operation with SMSR > 35 dB and OPSR > 25 dB over a wide range of current and temperature.
  • Observed a beam divergence of approximately 7°.
  • Integrated VCSEL enabled a Cesium atomic clock frequency stability of 1.89 × 10-12 τ-1/2.

Conclusions:

  • The novel VCSEL architecture with an embedded passive cavity successfully achieves significant linewidth reduction.
  • The demonstrated VCSEL is a compact, scalable, and high-performance solution for chip-scale atomic clocks and quantum sensors.
  • This technology paves the way for next-generation portable and robust quantum-enabled devices.