The prognostic nutritional index improves risk stratification for acute pulmonary embolism

Risk stratification guides management in acute pulmonary embolism (APE), yet current models have limitations. We investigated the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) as a potential biomarker to refine risk assessment. Analyzing 1,163 discovery, 208 internal-validation, and 212 external-validation APE patients, we found that a higher PNI was independently associated with lower 30-day and in-hospital mortality after multivariable adjustment. Incorporating PNI into the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) risk model improved its predictive performance for 30-day mortality. Crucially, a PNI ≤42.5 effectively stratified intermediate-risk patients, identifying subgroups with 4.7- and 6-fold higher 30-day mortality in the intermediate-low- and intermediate-high-risk categories, respectively. These findings position PNI as a simple, valuable tool for enhancing precision in APE risk stratification.