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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Structural Isomerism02:34

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Isomerism in Complexes
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
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Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
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Interlocked Rotaxane Enables TADF with Distinct Excited-State Structural Relaxation.

Chuan-Jing Lin1, Kai-Hsin Chang1, Chun-Yen Lin1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 29, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a novel rotaxane-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) exciplex for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). This mechanically interlocked molecule demonstrates efficient green electroluminescence and improved operational stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials are crucial for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
  • Exciplexes offer tunable electronic properties but often suffer from stability issues.
  • Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) provide unique structural control and enhanced stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the first rotaxane-based TADF exciplex for OLED applications.
  • To investigate the excited-state structural relaxation dynamics of the rotaxane exciplex.
  • To evaluate the performance of the rotaxane exciplex in OLED devices.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a rotaxane exciplex (CT-Rotaxane) using a triazene cage host and a carbazole derivative guest.
  • Characterization of TADF properties, including delayed fluorescence, singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST), and reverse intersystem crossing rate.
  • Time-resolved spectroscopy to study structural relaxation in solution and solid states.
  • Fabrication and testing of rotaxane-type OLEDs.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized CT-Rotaxane exhibits TADF characteristics with microsecond-scale delayed fluorescence.
  • Pronounced structural relaxation was observed in both solution (264 ps) and solid states (177 ns).
  • Rotaxane-type OLEDs achieved a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.23% with green electroluminescence.
  • The rotaxane OLEDs outperformed nonrotaxane counterparts in efficiency and operational stability.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanically interlocked TADF exciplexes represent a promising strategy for advanced optoelectronic devices.
  • The unique structure of CT-Rotaxane leads to enhanced performance in OLEDs.
  • Rotaxane architecture offers a pathway to improve both efficiency and stability in TADF materials.