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Methods to Test Visual Attention Online
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Covert attention modulates visual perception in early infancy.

Shuma Tsurumi1, So Kanazawa2, Masami K Yamaguchi3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Hokkaido University, N10 W7, Kita, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan; Department of Psychology, Chuo University, 742-1 Higashi-Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan.

Brain Research
|January 29, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Covert attention influences infant perception even with immature feedback pathways. This suggests early visual processing relies on feedforward mechanisms for attentional benefits in infants.

Keywords:
Covert attentionFeedback processingInfantsSpatial attention

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Cognitive neuroscience
  • Visual perception

Background:

  • Visual attention enhances stimulus perception, with classic theories emphasizing feedback from higher cortical areas.
  • Recent evidence suggests feedforward processes in early visual regions also contribute to attentional modulation.
  • Infants offer a unique model to study attentional mechanisms due to immature feedback pathways in early development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether covert attention influences perception in 3- to 4-month-old infants.
  • To determine if attentional effects in infancy rely on feedforward or feedback mechanisms.
  • To explore the developmental emergence of attentional modulation of perception.

Main Methods:

  • A spatial cueing task was employed with 3- to 4-month-old infants.
  • Experiment 1 involved discriminating orientation of cued peripheral gratings.
  • Experiment 2 involved discriminating motion direction of cued peripheral gratings, without eye movements.

Main Results:

  • Infants demonstrated enhanced perceptual discrimination of cued stimuli.
  • Covert attention modulated perception in infants, even without overt eye movements.
  • Attentional effects were observed in the absence of mature top-down feedback pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Covert attention modulates perception in early infancy.
  • Attentional effects can emerge through feedforward processes before top-down feedback matures.
  • This finding challenges classic models and highlights the role of early visual processing in attention.