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Related Concept Videos

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...

Translation

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

Evaluating Translational AI: A Two-Way Moving Target Problem.

Richard K Leuchter^1,2, William B Turner¹, David Ouyang³

¹Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

|January 30, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Health systems need better oversight for predictive AI tools. Implementing randomized deployment with a control group ensures AI safety, efficacy, and equity in patient care.

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Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

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Published on: January 8, 2018

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Published on: February 12, 2014

Area of Science:

Health Informatics
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Regulatory Science

Background:

Predictive artificial intelligence (AI) models are increasingly used in health systems.
Inconsistent oversight creates compliance and regulatory gaps for AI tools, including software as a medical device.
Existing oversight mechanisms are insufficient for administrative and operational AI models with potential care impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

To address the critical gaps in oversight for predictive AI models in healthcare.
To highlight the "two-way moving target problem" that undermines AI model self-governance.
To propose a new standard for implementing AI models that predict patient outcomes or utilization.

Main Methods:

Identified compliance and regulatory gaps in AI implementation.
Described concurrent-intervention confounding and action-induced outcome bias.
Proposed short-term randomized deployment with a control group as a new standard.

Main Results:

Traditional evaluation methods are inadequate due to the "two-way moving target problem".
Implementing institutions bear the onus of ensuring AI safety and efficacy.
Randomized deployment provides a crucial counterfactual for rigorous AI assessment.

Conclusions:

Health systems must adopt new standards for AI implementation.
Short-term randomized deployment is essential for assessing AI performance and intervention effectiveness.
This approach ensures AI tools are safe, effective, and equitable, building patient trust.