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Stable Coacervate Microdroplets as Robust Microreactors for Enhanced Enzymatic Catalysis.

Jiahui Li1, Xuemei Jiang1, Yixiong Duan1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed stable coacervate microdroplets using polyethyleneimine and sodium thioctate. These biomimetic microreactors enhance enzymatic reactions, offering a robust platform for catalysis and synthetic biology applications.

Keywords:
coacervate microdropletsenzymatic catalysisliquid‐liquid phase separationmicroreactor

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Membraneless organelles regulate cellular functions via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).
  • Coacervate microdroplets, inspired by natural systems, are used to study LLPS but suffer from instability.
  • Instability limits the long-term application of coacervate microdroplets in biomimetic platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop highly stable coacervate microdroplets with dynamic molecular recruitment capabilities.
  • To engineer coacervate microdroplets as efficient enzymatic microreactors.
  • To investigate stabilization mechanisms and applications of coacervate microdroplets.

Main Methods:

  • Coacervate microdroplets were constructed from polyethyleneimine (PEI) and sodium thioctate (ST) via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.
  • Structural integrity was assessed over 35 days without stabilizers.
  • Molecular recruitment efficiency for small molecules, polymers, and proteins was evaluated.
  • Enzymatic activity was measured using esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate (NPA).

Main Results:

  • Stable coacervate microdroplets were achieved, maintaining structural integrity for over 35 days.
  • Charge repulsion between positively charged microdroplets prevented coalescence and fusion.
  • Exceptional recruitment efficiency for various molecules, including proteins, was observed.
  • Enzymatic reactions showed up to a 53-fold acceleration in microreactors.

Conclusions:

  • Developed highly stable coacervate microdroplets with dynamic molecular recruitment.
  • Demonstrated their efficacy as robust and versatile enzymatic microreactors.
  • Provided insights into coacervate stabilization, offering a scalable platform for biomimetic catalysis and synthetic biology.