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Transplantation of Pulmonary Valve Using a Mouse Model of Heterotopic Heart Transplantation
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Invasive mold infection in heart transplant recipients: A nationwide multicenter matched case-control study between

Baptiste Hoellinger1, Eric Epailly2, Fanny Vuotto3

  • 1Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Services de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|January 30, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Invasive mold infections (IMI) are serious after heart transplants. Older age, longer ICU stays, and surgical revisions increase IMI risk. Early identification of high-risk patients is crucial for better outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Transplantation Medicine

Background:

  • Invasive mold infections (IMI) are rare but severe complications following heart transplantation.
  • Risk factors and outcomes for IMI in heart transplant recipients require updated understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To update the risk factors and outcomes associated with invasive mold infections (IMI) in heart transplant recipients.
  • To identify predictors of 90-day mortality in this patient population.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter case-control study conducted across 14 French centers from 2008 to 2022.
  • 120 cases of probable or proven IMI were matched with 120 control patients.
  • Conditional logistic regression and Cox regression were used to identify risk factors and mortality predictors.

Main Results:

  • The 1-year incidence of IMI was 3.1%, with a median onset of 121 days post-transplant.
  • Independent risk factors for IMI included age >60 years, prolonged ICU stay (>15 days), and surgical revision.
  • Hemodialysis and disseminated infection predicted 90-day mortality in infected patients.

Conclusions:

  • Age, ICU stay duration, and surgical revisions are key risk factors for IMI post-heart transplant.
  • Hemodialysis and infection dissemination significantly impact short-term survival.
  • These findings can aid in identifying high-risk individuals and inform prophylaxis strategies.
Keywords:
Aspergillusaspergillosisfungal infectionheart transplantationmoldmortalityprophylaxisrisk factorssolid organ transplanttreatment

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