Solution-Processable Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient: From Mechanism to Strategy

Metal-halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as a promising semiconductor material in the photovoltaic field, with lab-scale perovskite solar cells (PSCs) advancing from an initial power conversion efficiency of 3.8% to achieve a remarkable 27.0% in inert atmospheres. However, considering the long-term advancement of commercialization, escaping the conditions of the glove box to control water and oxygen seems to be a bottleneck limiting its further development. Although considerable efforts have focused on the preparation of PSCs with excellent performance in ambient air, there remains a lack of a deeper understanding regarding the complexity of perovskite decomposition and crystallization regulation under high humidity and uncontrolled oxygen conditions. This review first identifies ambient factors, such as water and oxygen, that contribute to the decomposition of films and affect their phase structure. Subsequently, corresponding solutions were proposed to address the key challenges posed by water and oxygen in the environment, including improvements in precursors, crystallization processes, water resistance, and antioxidant strategies, etc. Critical challenges in commercialization are subsequently identified, including the variations in module fabrication processes due to upscaling and high-throughput breakthroughs. Finally, the review outlines potential future development directions and highlights critical issues, mainly focusing on material components, production details, etc.