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Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Unraveling the Autism Spectrum Heterogeneity: Insights From ABIDE I Database Using Data/Model-Driven Permutation

Francisco José Alcaide1, Ignacio Alvarez Illan1, Javier Ramírez1

  • 1DaSCI Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.

Brain and Behavior
|January 31, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multi-center autism neuroimaging studies face challenges. The Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I database showed no significant structural brain differences in autism spectrum condition (ASC) due to variability and small sample sizes.

Keywords:
linear support vector machinesmagnetic resonance imagingpermutation testsstatistical learning theorystatistical parametric mappingupper bounding

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Autism Spectrum Condition Research
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

  • Autism spectrum condition (ASC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting communication and social interaction.
  • Neuroimaging studies frequently seek structural brain differences between individuals with ASC and neurotypical controls.
  • Variations in imaging protocols across research centers are often overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate structural brain differences between individuals with ASC and controls using the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I (ABIDE I) database.
  • To assess the impact of multi-center data acquisition on identifying neuroanatomical distinctions in ASC.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of statistical agnostic mapping (SAM) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) in multi-center autism neuroimaging.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data from the ABIDE I database.
  • Comparison of brain structures between ASC and control groups, accounting for individual research centers.
  • Application of permutation tests with SAM and SPM for statistical mapping.

Main Results:

  • The SAM method showed some consistency with prior literature.
  • No statistically significant structural brain differences were detected between ASC and control groups.
  • Inconsistencies were attributed to limited sample sizes per center, noise, and data heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • The ABIDE I database has limitations for detecting subtle structural brain differences in ASC.
  • Multi-center variability and insufficient sample sizes significantly impact the reliability of autism neuroimaging findings.
  • Future research requires standardized protocols and larger, homogenous datasets for robust conclusions.