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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a...
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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From Interface to Cell: The Complex Interaction and Transfer Process Coupling Mechanism between Microplastics and

Hongyu Tian1,2, Jianwei Liu1,3, Lin Li4,5

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Microplastics accelerate antibiotic resistance gene spread by altering wastewater treatment interfaces, promoting bacterial adhesion, and increasing gene transfer via oxidation and membrane interactions. This highlights microplastic pollution as a key factor in antibiotic resistance dissemination.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Microbiology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microplastic-phase interfaces (MPPIs) are emerging as significant vectors for antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of MP-ARG interactions is crucial for mitigating environmental risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the interaction mechanisms between microplastics (MPs) and ARGs at interfacial and cellular scales within wastewater treatment systems.
  • To investigate the influence of MP aging and material type on ARG dissemination.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated anaerobic/aerobic wastewater treatment experiments.
  • Physicochemical characterization of aged MPs.
  • Metagenomic sequencing for ARG and mobile genetic element (MGE) analysis.
  • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and XDLVO theory for interaction analysis.

Main Results:

  • MP aging (PET, PE, PP) led to surface transformations (elemental enrichment, functional groups, oxidation) enhancing extracellular polymeric substance production.
  • MPPIs selectively enriched antibiotic-resistant bacteria, ARGs, and MGEs, promoting horizontal gene transfer.
  • MD simulations revealed direct MP membrane penetration and increased permeability driven by Lifshitz-van der Waals forces.
  • MPPIs induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, upregulating key genes involved in efflux pumps, porins, and conjugative transfer.

Conclusions:

  • MP aging and surface properties significantly influence ARG dissemination in wastewater treatment.
  • Both physical interactions (adhesion, penetration) and oxidative stress contribute to ARG enrichment and transfer.
  • Aerobic conditions favor radical-driven oxidation and MGE entrapment, while anaerobic conditions enhance hydrophobic adhesion, indicating material-specific and oxygen-dependent mechanisms.